Global Market Comments
February 3, 2025
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(MARKET OUTLOOK FOR THE WEEK AHEAD or THE TRADE WAR BEGINS)
(SPY), ($COMPQ), (TSLA), (VST), (MSFT), (ADBE), (DELL), (NVDA)
Global Market Comments
February 3, 2025
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(MARKET OUTLOOK FOR THE WEEK AHEAD or THE TRADE WAR BEGINS)
(SPY), ($COMPQ), (TSLA), (VST), (MSFT), (ADBE), (DELL), (NVDA)
As I write this, tariffs are coming into force and confusion reigns supreme at the borders. The worst-case scenario has arrived.
In the Marine Corp., they say that a missing 50-cent part can ground a $50 million dollar airplane. It turns out that many of the 50-cent parts are made in Canada and Mexico, which are now in trucks stuck in massive traffic jams at the border. The border is in no way set up for any change in the tariff regime.
Think of it as a mini Covid shock to the supply chain. The parts will eventually show up but will be more expensive.
This is not what traders wanted to hear. That great whooshing sound was the stock market giving up hard-fought gains for the day. Nervousness is running rampant.
With mass firing on the way throughout the government, it’s just a matter of time before the passport renewal process extends from weeks to years. I am telling friends and family to renew now before the process clogs up and shuts down. At the very least, fees are about to go up a lot, now at $130.
When I opened up my laptop on Sunday night and saw the NASDAQ ($COMPQ) down 900 points, I thought that a new war had broken out somewhere or another 9/11 event had taken place. That recovered to down only 400 by the New York opening. This is exactly the set up I had been waiting for since mid-December. I started piling in on longs in big tech stocks, turning my January performance from lackluster to robust in a matter of days.
And that’s the way it’s going to be in 2025. Maintain iron discipline and hold out for these rare sweet spots, then pile in. Never chase, that was last year’s game. We could be range trading for quite some time. Index players might be lucky to make anything by year-end, and might be better off parking their money in 90-Treasury bills, now yielding 4.2%.
By the end of the week, most of the losses were recovered, except for the big AI providers like (NVDA) and (AMD), which have had their own problems for the last seven months. The net is that it is potentially bad news for AI providers and great news for AI users, which is almost everybody.
I have heard from several clients that they spent the week trying to trip up the DeepSeek program and have come up with hilariously inaccurate answers. For example, DeepSeek didn’t know that my former USC classmate OJ Simpson died last year and thought he was a current NFL football player. And don’t ask who Winston was in 1984. Other examples about.
In the meantime, the big tech companies are all tinkering with DeepSeek, making changes and improvements. It is definitely a clever programming improvement, but it’s not going to destroy the world.
Whatever happened to Cold Fusion?
Remember that 1990’s meme that set stocks on fire? It was supposed to give us free electricity forever. Except that here I am 35 years later, and cold fusion is still 20-40 years into the future. It’s always 40 years in the future. The same thing happened with the 3D printing craze and the fax mania before that.
That’s what came to mind last December when I first heard that the Chinese app DeepSeek had delivered a revolutionary new AI program that was supposed to cut the need for high-end chips by 99%. I ignored it just like all of the other Chinese apps that come out on a daily basis.
Which leads me to the quandary of the day. Why the heck is Europe suddenly doing so well? The German stock market has outperformed the S&P 500 (SPY) by a large margin in recent months. Whenever I mention putting a dollar into any European country, my continental friends say I’m out of my mind and that they only want more American investment ideas. Is there something going on here?
My only thought is that the markets may be discounting an end to the Ukraine War this year. If so, some 10 million barrels a day of oil would be unleashed on the market, taking prices down to $30 a barrel. Ukraine would reclaim its position as the world’s largest agriculture exporter, collapsing prices for wheat and sunflower oil. And Europe will be able to pare back its recently increased defense spending.
You heard it here first.
By the way, the 9/11 reference brings to mind one of the most notorious short sales of all time. The day before the attack, a Swiss bank acting on behalf of an anonymous client bought several thousand short-dated put options on American Airlines (AA). After two American planes were deliberately crashed in a suicide attack, the trade made $200 million. The FBI set a trap to arrest those who came to collect. But they never showed. Eventually, the trades were unwound by the exchange. It’s all true.
We managed to attain a respectable +5.80% return in January. That is close to my average monthly return for all of 2024. The magic is still there.
That takes us to a year-to-date profit of +5.80% so far in 2025. My trailing one-year return stands at +85.34% as a bad trade a year ago fell off the one-year record. That takes my average annualized return to +49.96% and my performance since inception to +757.69%.
I used the Monday meltdown to start filing in positions in Nvidia (NVDA) and Vistra (VST). That is on top of my existing short strangle in Tesla (TSLA). The Mad Hedge Technology added a slew of long on Microsoft (MSFT), Adobe (ADBE), Dell (DELL), and (NVDA).
Some 63 of my 70 round trips, or 90%, were profitable in 2023. Some 74 of 94 trades have been profitable in 2024, and several of those losses were really break-even. That is a success rate of +78.72%.
Try beating that anywhere.
Technology Stocks Destroyed on News of China’s DeepSeek, an AI program that takes them a great leap forward. U.S. technology firms like Nvidia plunged, as Chinese startup DeepSeek sparked concerns over competitiveness in AI and America’s lead in the sector, triggering a global sell-off. DeepSeek launched a free, open-source large language model in late December, claiming it was developed in just two months at a cost of under $6 million. These developments have bolstered questions about the large amounts of money big tech companies have been investing in artificial intelligence models and data centers.
US Home Sales Hit 30-Year Low in 2024, the second year in a row of weak sales. High costs related to homeownership sapped sales again. The average rate for a 30-year fixed mortgage has hovered between 6% and 8% since late 2022. Avoid interest rate plays.
Nvidia Drops $600 Billion in Market Capitalization, the largest in stock market history. CEO Jensen Huang’s net worth dropped below $100 billion, while CEOs of the Mangiest Seven plunged by $67 Billion. I told you it was coming. Buy when the washout finishes. The bubble didn’t burst.
The Cruise Business is Rocketing, with Royal Caribbean (RCL) just running up its best five-week sales period in history. There is a two-year wait to order the enormous new ships, the biggest, 264,000-tonne Icon of the Seas, carries a mind-blowing 7,400 passengers. Buy (RCL) and (CCL)on dips.
US Consumer Confidence Dives amid renewed concerns about the labor market and inflation. The Conference Board said on Tuesday its consumer confidence index fell to 104.1 this month from an upwardly revised 109.5 in December. Economists polled by Reuters had forecast the index rising to 105.6 from the previously reported 104.7.
Fed Leaves Interest Rates Unchanged at 4.25%, tanking stocks. All interest rate plays will remain dead in the water. Will the pause be for six months or a year, or will the next Fed be a rate rise? Jay Powell is waiting for the impact of new government policies like all the rest of us. Buy financials on dips. The Fed's balance sheet continues to shrink and is down to $6.8 trillion, withdrawing liquidity from the system. All references to “progress” on inflation were dropped.
Coffee Prices Hit a New All-Time High at $3.60/pound for Arabica. Brazil, by far the world's largest producer, has few beans left to sell, and worries over its upcoming harvest persist. Dealers said 70%-80% of Brazil's current arabica harvest has been sold and new trades are slow. Brazil produces nearly half the world's arabica beans, a high-end variety typically used in roast and ground blends. This is yet another climate change play.
Waymo Self-Driving Taxis Expanding to Ten New Cities. After testing the Waymo Driver in multiple cities, the company says the technology is adapting successfully to new environments, leading to the expansion. In addition to ongoing trips to Truckee, Michigan's Upper Peninsula, Upstate New York, and Tokyo, the expansion includes testing in San Diego and Las Vegas, with more cities yet to be announced.
Tesla Bombs in 2024, with earnings at $25.5 billion last year versus $27.2 billion, or down 5.5%. Even a presidential friendship can’t boost earnings. Despite missing on every metric, the shares were only down $3 today. Tesla is more about belief in the future and today’s facts. But full self-driving will launch in the US in June after being stalled by the previous administration. No guidance for sales in 2025. Energy storage was the big grower last year and will do well this year. Not the rose bed I was promised. My short position is looking good, but I’m maintaining my long-term target of $1,000.
US GDP Finishes 2024 at 2.3%, less than expected but still the strongest in the world. Household spending grew at a 4.2% pace, most since early 2023. Equipment spending fell at a 7.8% rate on the Boeing strike impact. What happens next is anyone’s guess.
Microsoft Blows Up on Cloud Guidance, on huge earnings disappointment, taking the stock down 6%. The company beat estimates on the top and bottom lines but fell short on estimates for its Intelligent Cloud business. Microsoft’s Commercial Cloud segment revenue, which includes cloud services sales, saw revenue of $40 billion, a 21% year-over-year increase but shy of Wall Street expectations of $41.1 billion. Microsoft's intelligent cloud business, which includes its Azure platform, saw revenue of $25.5 billion. Wall Street was expecting $25.8 billion. I’m buying the dip.
Weekly Jobless Claims Fall 16,000 to a seasonally adjusted 207,000 for the week ended Jan. 25, the Labor Department said on Thursday. Economists polled by Reuters had forecast 220,000 claims for the latest week.
Consumer Inflation Expectations Comes in Soft. The personal consumption expenditures price index increased 2.6% on a year-over-year basis in December, while core PCE was at 2.8%, both in line with expectations but well ahead of the Fed’s 2% target. Personal income climbed 0.4% as forecast, while spending rose 0.7%. Markets liked the number.
Apple is Catching a Bid on the assumption that diplomat Tim Cook can somehow avoid import duties from China. Even at a 100% tariff, it would probably add only $100 to the cost of an iPhone, which is made in China.
My Ten-Year View – A Reassessment
When have to substantially downsize our expectations of equity returns in view of the election outcome. My new American Golden Age, or the next Roaring Twenties is now looking at a headwind. The economy will completely stop decarbonizing. Technology innovation will slow. Trade wars will exact a high price. Inflation will return. The Dow Average will rise by 600% to 240,000 or more in the coming decade. The new America will be far more efficient and profitable than the old.
My Dow 240,000 target has been pushed back to 2035.
On Monday, February 3 at 8:30 AM EST, the ISM Manufacturing Index PMI is out.
On Tuesday, February 4 at 8:30 AM, the JOLTS Job Openings is released.
On Wednesday, February 5 at 8:30 AM, the ISM Survives PMI is printed.
On Thursday, February 6 at 8:30 AM, the Weekly Jobless Claims are disclosed.
On Friday, February 7 at 8:30 AM, Nonfarm Payroll Report for January is announced. At 2:00 PM the Baker Hughes Rig Count is printed.
As for me, the University of Southern California has a student jobs board that is positively legendary. It is where the actor John Wayne picked up a gig working as a stagehand for John Ford which eventually made him a movie star.
As a beneficiary of a federal work/study program in 1970, I was entitled to pick any job I wanted for the princely sum of $1.00 an hour, then the minimum wage. I noticed that the Biology Department was looking for a lab assistant to identify and sort Arctic plankton.
I thought, “What the heck is Arctic plankton?” I decided to apply to find out.
I was hired by a Japanese woman professor whose name I long ago forgot. She had figured out that Russians were far ahead of the US in Arctic plankton research, thus creating a “plankton gap.” “Gaps” were a big deal during the Cold War, so that made her a layup to obtain a generous grant from the Defense Department to close the “plankton gap.”
It turns out that I was the only one who applied for the job, as postwar anti-Japanese sentiment then was still high on the West Coast. I was given my own lab bench and a microscope and told to get to work.
It turns out that there is a vast ecosystem of plankton under 20 feet of ice in the Arctic consisting of thousands of animal and plant varieties. The whole system is powered by sunlight that filters through the ice. The thinner the ice, such as at the edge of the Arctic ice sheet, the more plankton. In no time, I became adept at identifying copepods, euphasia, and calanus hyperboreaus, which all feed on diatoms.
We discovered that there was enough plankton in the Arctic to feed the entire human race if a food shortage ever arose, then a major concern. There was plenty of plant material and protein there. Just add a little flavoring and you have an endless food supply.
The high point of the job came when my professor traveled to the North Pole, the first woman ever to do so. She was a guest of the US Navy, which was overseeing the collection hole in the ice. We were thinking the hole might be a foot wide. When she got there, she discovered it was in fact 50 feet wide. I thought this might be to keep it from freezing over, but thought nothing of it.
My freshman year passed. The following year, the USC jobs board delivered up a far more interesting job, picking up dead bodies for the Los Angeles Counter Coroner, Thomas Noguchi, the “Coroner to the Stars.” This was not long after Charles Manson was locked up, and his bodies were everywhere. The pay was better too, and I got to know the LA freeway system like the back of my hand.
It wasn’t until years later, when I had obtained a high security clearance from the Defense Department that I learned of the true military interest in plankton by both the US and the Soviet Union.
It turns out that the hole was not really for collecting plankton. Plankton was just the cover. It was there so a US submarine could surface, fire nuclear missiles at the Soviet Union, and then submarine again under the protection of the ice.
So, not only have you been reading the work of a stock market wizard these many years, you have also been in touch with one of the world’s leading experts on Artic plankton.
Live and learn.
1981 on Peleliu Island in the South Pacific
Stay Healthy,
John Thomas
CEO & Publisher
The Diary of a Mad Hedge Fund Trader
Mad Hedge Technology Letter
December 13, 2024
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(THE AI TRAIN KEEPS CHUGGING)
(DELL), (AAPL), (NVDA)
If anyone needs another AI data point, the tech market just delivered us a juicy one with an outstanding earnings call with Broadcom (AVGO) and its CEO Hock Tan.
The AI enterprise build-out has been developing in full-force and investors are pouring money into the foundation of the AI future.
That is currently where the AI profits currently lie.
The software companies have missed out on that profit in the short-term, but since many are also involved in the AI infrastructure spend, they can turn to their investors and ask for a mark-up in owned shares.
This won’t always be the case, and I do believe we are fast reaching an inflection point where shareholders will demand more from their capital and not just more AI data centers and more modern AI semiconductor chips.
I am talking about meaningful revenue growth directly tied to AI spend – we don’t have that yet.
At some point, there needs to be an application from all of this money spent and return on capital.
In the meantime, Mr. Market is cheering the success of AVGO and the stock is up 25% today at the time of this writing signaling investors will continue to back this AI infrastructure spend into 2025 and possibly beyond.
Broadcom CEO Hock Tan said the company expects its custom AI chips will generate between $60 billion and $90 billion in revenue over the next three years from its three existing hyperscaler customers, whom the company did not name. Tan reiterated his belief that each of the three hyperscalers will deploy 1 million clusters of its custom AI chips called XPUs by 2025.
Apple is reportedly working with Broadcom to develop an AI server chip. The move by tech giants to make their own server chips is meant to cut costs and scale back their reliance on Nvidia’s (NVDA) GPUs (graphics processing units).
That trend is reflected in the industry at large. The AI chip market is set to grow 74% in 2025, while the semiconductor market overall is projected to grow just 12% next year.
We are seeing this type of binary divergence in tech firms like Dell and Oracle.
Many of these legacy tech companies are attempting to wean themselves from a legacy business that is expanding in the low single digits.
From a technical perspective, any dip to the $200 level will be a strong buy for AVGO.
I believe they continue to pivot into the AI infrastructure build while partnering with companies that can aid this type of success.
They will continue to invest in products related to AI, mainly chips, which will be installed in a wide array of businesses like data centers, consumer electronics like smartphones and laptops, and electric vehicles.
AVGO has been a hot company for quite a while, and even though not quite an Nvidia, I do believe AVGO stock is a solid backup option for tech investors looking for some diversification.
Mad Hedge Technology Letter
December 2, 2024
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(STICK WITH ENTERPRISE TECH IN 2025)
(HPE), (DELL), (TSLA), (NVDA)
Although, on the surface, tech stocks might be performing quite well, we need to talk about an imminent issue that could affect them.
I would even say that I am quite surprised by how the year is panning out.
There was so much uncertainty going into this year, and the election was a brutal contest that was bitterly fought.
However, the election gave us a clear winner, triggering a short-term tsunami of capital into tech stocks with the likes of Tesla (TSLA) leading the charge.
Even institutional money from heavyweights like Blackrock and others poured into tech stocks like there was no tomorrow.
TSLA is up today again on more stock upgrades.
If one ever needed a skinny variety of reliable tech stocks, then investing capital in Nvidia, Tesla, and perhaps Netflix or a Meta would be a solid foundation.
It is not only the Midas touch in the tech world, with management at HP and Dell saying the computer and laptop business isn’t all too hot.
Revenue generated by Dell’s (DELL) PC business declined 1% to $12.1 billion in the fiscal third quarter, falling short of estimates. While sales in HP’s (HPE) PC unit rose 2% to $9.59 billion, missing forecasts.
The PC refresh cycle is pushing into next year (2025), said Dell management.
HP Chief Executive Officer Enrique Lores said in an interview that the release of Microsoft’s new edition of Windows software hasn’t fueled PC sales from corporate clients as quickly as in previous releases.
The market had seen a historic decline in recent years after a burst of demand for new laptops in the early months of the pandemic when students and corporate employees were stuck at home. While signs of a rebound began to materialize this year, shipments again dipped in the third quarter.
This type of narrative has been put in motion by the crowd who think a new administration and their immigration stance will cause rampant inflation in wages.
No doubt, a lot of changes will take place in the next 50 days and after, and that type of uncertainty could deliver us a sharp selloff if short-term pain is sensed by the market.
Comments from Best Buy already set a very low bar even lower, as the recession that was supposed to take place in 2018 could be sneaking up on us.
The unemployment rate is forecasted to peak at 4.4% and has been steadily trending higher, highlighting the weakening of the US consumer.
There is a good chance that in 2025, retail tech will be in a recession before enterprise tech and enterprise tech stocks will be the last bastion of a narrowing market growth.
The key signal to focus on is a big Bitcoin sell-off that could trigger a flight to safety.
As long as market action stays orderly, I expect the pain trade to go higher in tech stocks in an uneven way, and I would avoid any tech stocks directly connected to American retail shoppers.
Mad Hedge Technology Letter
July 3, 2024
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(SHOULD I INVEST IN AI CHIPS OR AI SERVERS?)
(SMCI), (NVDA), (DELL)
The AI server market is booming and so are the AI chip markets.
I’ll talk about 2 prestigious companies right in the mix of things.
For long-term portfolios, it’s essential to not miss out on these supercharge growth companies.
I just don’t think that average investors will be able to make up the performance if they miss the boat of these 2 companies. The law of large numbers will just put you too far behind.
All the hot new money is going into AI which adds to the momentum of the share price trajectories.
Even the old money, after not being convinced by Bitcoin, is starting to come around to AI partly because most of the companies involved in AI are publicly listed companies on the New York Stock Exchange.
It makes it a lot easier when the source of exponential growth isn’t on some alternative exchange in some alternate currency in some backwater jurisdiction.
With a few clicks and moving a few dollars here and there, investors can be part of the AI future whether it be in AI chips or AI servers like the companies I am about to talk about.
What up with Nvidia?
Nvidia (NVDA) dominates an impressive 94% of the AI chip market. It’s basically a monopoly or close to it.
Revenue is rising a stunning 262% year over year.
Even more interesting, emerging growth avenues in the nascent AI market indicate that Nvidia could end up doing even better than that.
For instance, governments are also betting the ranch on AI and this stable source of revenue will highly likely grow substantially for the foreseeable future.
Nvidia's customer base is diversifying beyond the major cloud infrastructure providers that have been deploying its chips in large numbers to train and deploy AI models.
Spending on AI chips is expected to grow more than 10-fold over the next decade, generating $341 billion in revenue in 2033 compared to $23 billion last year.
Nvidia should remain the Tom Brady of AI stocks as the race to develop AI applications by companies and governments alike has created a secular growth opportunity.
What about Super Micro Computer?
Supermicro's future prospects are attached to some extent with that of Nvidia’s.
Data center operators require server rack solutions of the type that Supermicro sells to mount the processors sold by Nvidia and other chipmakers.
Revenue jumped 200% year over year and Supermicro isn't all that far behind Nvidia when it comes to how AI has supercharged its fortunes.
I expect its top line to nearly double over the next couple of years.
Demand for AI servers is expected to expand at a compound annual rate of 25% through 2029.
Supermicro is growing at a faster pace than the AI server market right now. As it turns out, its growth is faster than that of more established companies such as Dell.
How to invest?
Supermicro is cheaper than Nvidia and Nvidia’s run-up to a more than $3 trillion market valuation has got to scare some people with sticker shock.
People with a time advantage of more than a few years should invest in Super Micro, whereas investors looking for that quick sugar high should buy the dips in Nvidia.
In short, anyone under the age of 40 and many years in front of them should invest long-term in Super Micro at a market cap of $50 billion. With Nvidia, I could easily see its market cap climbing to $4 trillion soon, but a wicked pullback would mean its market cap going from $4 to $3 trillion.
Either way, these are two tech firms with great prospects in the current and future.
Mad Hedge Technology Letter
June 7, 2024
Fiat Lux
Featured Trade:
(HEWLETT PACKARD – REMEMBER THEM?)
(HPE), (SMCI), (NVDA), (ORCL), (DELL)
Artificial intelligence is not always the golden ticket, but some legacy companies, they are using this trend to springboard themselves back to relevancy.
Look at companies like Dell (DELL) or Oracle (ORCL) – they epitomize what I am talking about.
For years, these certain legacy tech firms were crowbarred into this narrow definition of some aging enterprise software company that was from yesteryear.
It was true back then but some have changed.
Hewlett Packard (HPE) is another Silicon Valley brand name that has reinvented itself for artificial intelligence and its stock price has reaped the dividends.
The stock has exploded to the $20 per share range after languishing in the teens for years.
HPE latest report was topped up with its better-than-expected revenue fueled by sales of servers built for artificial intelligence work.
The strong performance was due to the company’s server business, which generated revenue of $3.87 billion.
Sales of AI-oriented systems doubled from the first quarter to more than $900 million.
Increased demand and better availability of high-powered semiconductors from Nvidia (NVDA) led to an increase in AI systems sales.
HPE would be a good way to play the catch-up trade in AI servers compared with its peers in the server space, including Dell Technologies (DELL) and Super Micro Computer (SMCI).
HPE’s current backlog for AI systems is now $3.1 billion.
This is the first quarter HPE has broken out AI server revenue and investors likely welcome the increased disclosure.
The AI-server ramp-up is finally materializing.
The full-year forecast is underwhelming given the increased AI business, suggesting other business lines, such as networking, are dragging down the results.
I am not saying that HPE is the finished article right now and is a pure AI play. I am not. They have a lot to work on and that might be a generous statement to even say that.
There is still plenty to dislike about HPE who are saddled with legacy businesses that barely move the needle.
However, if HPE smartly harnesses resources right, I do believe they could eventually turn into an above-average AI play.
At this point, many tech companies view the participation of AI or not as an existential matter.
Many companies will get left behind and swept into the dustbin of history.
When the biggest tech companies in the world talk about AI constantly on their earnings call, it is not a head fake. This is the real deal so get with the program.
There are many different types of semiconductors with different levels of sophistication, from simple chips in kitchen appliances to cutting-edge graphics processing units (GPUs) used in artificial intelligence (AI) applications, as well as cryptocurrency mining.
In many of these use cases, semiconductor chips will need an AI server to act as storage for the data or some other similar function.
The data produced is substantially greater than analog chips and of higher quality.
We are still in the early innings of the AI revolution, so it is important to know which stocks possess an upward trajectory in terms of business models and sub-sectors.
In 2024, semiconductor chips and AI server stocks have made their stamp in the tech world and aren’t going away.
Remember that the trend is your friend and I wouldn’t fight this one. It’s a massive trend to fight and be on the wrong end.
Moving forward, I believe HPE will make meaningful optimization decisions to amplify its AI server business while minimizing its legacy divisions to the benefit of the future share price.
If they can somewhat achieve these results, the stock should easily rise by 3X.
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There is a very high degree of risk involved in trading. Past results are not indicative of future returns. MadHedgeFundTrader.com and all individuals affiliated with this site assume no responsibilities for your trading and investment results. The indicators, strategies, columns, articles and all other features are for educational purposes only and should not be construed as investment advice. Information for futures trading observations are obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but we do not warrant its completeness or accuracy, or warrant any results from the use of the information. Your use of the trading observations is entirely at your own risk and it is your sole responsibility to evaluate the accuracy, completeness and usefulness of the information. You must assess the risk of any trade with your broker and make your own independent decisions regarding any securities mentioned herein. Affiliates of MadHedgeFundTrader.com may have a position or effect transactions in the securities described herein (or options thereon) and/or otherwise employ trading strategies that may be consistent or inconsistent with the provided strategies.
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