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August 10, 2018
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July 17, 2018
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May 15, 2018
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March 22, 2018
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When I first arrived in Japan in 1974, international investors widely expected the country to collapse, a casualty of the overnight quadrupling of oil prices from $3 per barrel to $12, and the global recession that followed.
Japanese borrowers were only able to tap foreign debt markets by paying a 200 basis point premium to the market, a condition that came to be known as ?Japan Rates.?
Hedge fund manager, Kyle Bass, says that the despised Japan rates are about to return. There is nothing less than one quadrillion yen of public debt in Japan today.
A perennial trade surplus powered high corporate and personal savings rates during the eighties and nineties, allowing these agencies to sell their debt entirely to domestic, mostly captive investors.
Those days are coming to a close. The problem is that the working age population in Japan has peakedd, and the country is entering a long demographic nightmare (see population pyramids below).
This year, the Ministry of Finance will see ?40 trillion in receivables, the same figure seen in 1985, against ?97 trillion in spending. Interest expense, debt service, and social security spending alone exceed receivables.
The tipping point is close, and when it hits, Japan will have to borrow from abroad in size. Foreign investors all too aware of this distressed income statement will almost certainly demand big risk premiums, possibly several hundred basis points. That?s when the sushi hits the fan.
To top it all, no one in living memory in Japan has ever lost money in the JGB market, so expectations are unsustainably high.
Both the JGB market and the yen can only collapse in the face of these developments. I know that the short JGB trade has killed off more hedge fund managers than all the irate former investors and divorce lawyers in the world combined.
But what Kyle says makes too much sense and the day of reckoning for this long despised financial instrument may be upon us. How much downside risk can there be in shorting a ten-year coupon of negative -0.11%?
Is Kyle trying to show us the writing on the wall?
My former employer, The Economist, once the ever tolerant editor of my flabby, disjointed, and juvenile prose (Thanks Peter and Marjorie), has released its ?Big Mac? index of international currency valuations.
Although initially launched by an imaginative journalist as a joke three decades ago, I have followed it religiously and found it an amazingly accurate predictor of future economic success.
The index counts the cost of McDonald?s (MCD) premium sandwich around the world, ranging from $7.20 in Norway to $1.78 in Argentina, and comes up with a measure of currency under and over valuation.
What are its conclusions today? The Swiss franc (FXF), the Brazilian real, and the Euro (FXE) are overvalued, while the Hong Kong dollar, the Chinese Yuan (CYB), and the Thai Baht are cheap.
I couldn?t agree more with many of these conclusions. It?s as if the august weekly publication was tapping The Diary of the Mad Hedge Fund Trader for ideas.
I am no longer the frequent consumer of Big Macs that I once was, as my metabolism has slowed to such an extent that in eating one, you might as well tape it to my ass. Better to use it as an economic forecasting tool, than a speedy lunch.
The Big Mac in Yen is Definitely Not a Buy
I think we are at the tag end of the recent unbelievable bout of yen strength.
Triggered by the Bank of Japan?s shocking move to negative interest rates (NIRP), it has been driven by a massive unwind of hedge fund positions in everything around the world that were all financed by short yen positions.
The memo is out now, and the bulk of the ?hot money? positions are gone. After some fits and starts, I expect the yen to resume its long-term structural downtrend shortly.
If for any reasons you can?t do options, just buy the ProShares Ultra Short Yen ETF (YCS) outright. This is the best entry point in a year.
?Oh, how I despise the yen, let me count the ways.?
I?m sure Shakespeare would have come up with a line of iambic pentameter similar to this if he were a foreign exchange trader. I firmly believe that a short position in the yen should be at the core of any hedged portfolio for the next decade.
To remind you why you hate the currency of the land of the rising sun, I?ll refresh your memory with this short list:
1) With the world?s structurally weakest major economy, Japan is certain to be the last country to raise interest rates. Interest rate differentials between countries are the single greatest driver of foreign exchange rates. That means the yen is taking the downtown express.
2) This is inciting big hedge funds to borrow yen and sell it to finance longs in every other corner of the financial markets. So ?RISK ON? means more yen selling, a lot.
3) Japan has the world?s worst demographic outlook that assures its problems will only get worse. They?re just not making enough Japanese any more. Countries that are not minting new consumers in large numbers tend to have poor economies and weak currencies.
4) The sovereign debt crisis in Europe is prompting investors to scan the horizon for the next troubled country. With gross debt well over a nosebleed 270% of GDP, or 160% when you net out inter agency cross holdings, Japan is at the top of the list.
5) The Japanese ten-year bond market, with a yield AT AN ABSOLUTELY EYE-POPPING -0.08%, is a disaster waiting to happen. It makes US Treasury bonds look generous by comparison at 1.70%. No yield support here whatsoever.
6) You have two willing co-conspirators in this trade, the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan, who will move Mount Fuji if they must to get the yen down and bail out the country?s beleaguered exporters and revive the economy.
When the big turn inevitably comes, we?re going from the current ?112.75 to ?125, then ?130, then ?150. That works out to a price of $150 for the (YCS), which last traded at $76.88. But it might take a few years to get there.
If you think this is extreme, let me remind you that when I first went to Japan in the early seventies, the yen was trading at ?305, and had just been revalued from the Peace Treaty Dodge line rate of ?360.
To me the ?112.75 I see on my screen today is unbelievably expensive.
Its All Over for the Yen
Those of a certain age can?t help but remember that things for the US went to hell in a hand basket after 1963.
That?s when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, heralding decades of turmoil. Race riots exploded everywhere. The Vietnam War ramped up out of control, taking 60,000 lives, and destroying the nation?s finances. Nixon took the US off the gold standard.
When people complain about our challenges now, I laugh to my self and think this is nothing compared to that unfortunate decade.
Two oil shocks and hyper inflation followed. We reached a low point when Revolutionary Guards seized American hostages in Tehran in 1979.
We received a respite after 1982 with the rollback of a century?s worth of regulation during the Reagan years. But a borrowing binge sent the national debt soaring, from $1 trillion to $18 trillion. An 18-year bull market in stocks ensued. The United States share of global GDP continued to fade.
Basking in the decisive victories of WWII, the Greatest Generation saw their country account for 50% of global GDP, the largest in history, except, perhaps, for the Roman Empire. After that, our share of global business activity began a long steady decline. Today, we are hovering around 22%.
Hitch hiking around Europe in 1968 and 1969 with a backpack and a dog-eared copy of Europe on $5 a Day, I traded in a dollar for five French francs, four Deutschmarks, three Swiss francs, and 0.40 British pounds.
When I first landed in Japan in 1974, there were Y305 yen to the dollar. Even after a strong year, the greenback is still down by 75% against these currencies, except for sterling. How things have changed.
We now live in a world where the US suddenly has the strongest economy, currency and stock market in the world. Are these leading indicators of better things to come?
Is the Great American Rot finally ending? Is everything that has gone wrong with the United States over the past half century reversing?
The national finances are hinting as much. Over the last four years, the federal budget deficit has been shrinking at the fastest rate in history, from $1.4 trillion to only $483 million.
If the economy continues to grow at its present modest 2.5% rate, we should be in balance by 2018. Then the national debt, which will peak at around $18 trillion, will start to shrink for the first time in 20 years.
And since chronic deflation has crashed borrowing costs precipitously, the cost of maintaining this debt has dramatically declined.
A country with high economic growth, no inflation, generationally low energy costs, a strong currency, overwhelming technology superiority, a strong military and political stability is always a fantastic investment opportunity.
It certainly is compared to the highly deflationary, weak currency, technologically lagging major economies abroad.
You spend a lifetime looking for these as a researcher, and only come up with a handful. Perhaps this is what financial markets have been trying to tell us all along.
It certainly is what foreign investors have been telling us for years, who have been moving capital into the US as fast as they can (click here for ?The New Offshore Center: America?).
It gets even better. These ideal conditions are only the lead up to my roaring twenties scenario (click here for ?Get Ready for the Coming Golden Age?), when over saving, under consuming baby boomers enter a mass extinction, and a gale force demographic headwind veers to a tailwind.
That opens the way for the country to return to a consistent 4% GDP growth, with modest inflation and higher interest rates.
Which leads us all to the great screaming question of the moment: Why is the US stock market trading so poorly this year? If the long term prospects for companies are so great, why have shares suddenly started performing feebly?
Not only has it gone nowhere for three months, market volatility has doubled, making life for all of us dull, mean and brutish.
There are a few short-term answers to this conundrum.
There is no doubt that the Euro and the yen have fallen so sharply against the greenback that it is hurting the earnings of multinationals when translated back to dollars.
This has cut S&P 500 earnings forecasts for the year. And these days, everyone is a multinational, including the Diary of a Mad Hedge Fund Trader, where one third of our subscribers live abroad.
Another short-term factor is the complete collapse of the price of oil. Again, it happened so fast, and was so unexpected, that it too is having a sudden deleterious influence of broader S&P earnings.
Go no further than oil giant Chevron, which just announced a big drop in earnings and a massive cut in its capital spending budget for 2016.
The final nail in the Q4 coffin has been bank earnings, which all took big hits in trading revenues. Virtually all were taken short by the huge, one-way rally in bond prices in recent months and the collapse of interest rates.
This happens when panicky customers come in and lift the banks? inventories, and trading desks have to spend the rest of the day, week and month trying to get them back at a loss.
I have seen this happen too many times. This is why the industry always trades at such low multiples.
With no leadership from the biggest sectors of the market, financials and energy, and with the horsemen of technology and biotech vastly overbought, it doesn?t leave the nimble stock picker with too many choices.
The end result is a stock market that goes nowhere, but with a lot of volatility. Sound familiar?
Fortunately, there is a happy ending to this story. Eventually, all of the short-term factors will disappear. Oil prices and bond yields will go back up. The dollar will moderate. Corporate earnings growth will return to the 10% neighborhood. And stocks will reach new highs.
But it could take a while to digest all of this. This is a lot of red meat to take in all at one time. If the market grinds sideways in a 15% range all year, and then breaks out to the upside once again for a 5% annual gain, most investors would consider this a win.
Once again, index investors will beat the pants off of hedge fund managers, as they have for the past seven years.
In the meantime, I doubt the stock indexes will drop more than 6% % from here, with the (SPY) at $189, and we have already seen a 6% hair cut from last year?s peak.?
Knock a tenth off a 16.5 X forward earnings multiple with zero inflation, cheap energy, ultra low interest rates and hyper accelerating technology, and all of a sudden, stocks look pretty cheap again.
As the super sleuth, Sherlock Homes used to say, ?When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth?.
It?s All Elementary
I was just about to don my backpack and head out for my evening hike when I caught a phone call from Tokyo.
The Bank of Japan had just announced they were implementing negative interest rates for the first time in history. The Japanese yen (FXE), (YCS) was in free fall and the stock market (DXJ) was soaring.
Note to self: don?t ever answer the phone just as I?m heading out the door. Good-bye hike, hello another inch on my waistline.
However, bank stocks were getting destroyed, as they would now have to pay money to the central bank to accept deposits, as they already do in Europe and Switzerland.
The overnight trading in S&P 500 (SPY) futures jumped from unchanged to up 100 points. It looked like January was going to go out with a bang. This could be the mother of all month end window dressings.
It really was a day for moves that made no sense. Bonds (TLT) rose with stocks on the hopes that any Fed interest rate hikes for this year will be cancelled. That?s like dogs and cats laying together.
Gold (GLD) rose modestly, even though the prospect of more quantitative easing anywhere in the world should have caused it to crater.
The US dollar was robust (UUP), just when you?d think that lower for longer interest rates should weaken it. I guess it?s a case of being the best house in a bad neighborhood.
Oil (USO), the main driver of all process for the past six months, was strangely unchanged for a change.
It was really one of those days when you wanted to hurl your empty beer cans at the TV, throw up your hands, and cry.
Personally, I don?t think US risk markets are out of the woods yet. We can?t escape the reality that earning multiples for American companies are falling.
You have to ask the question of what do negative interest rates really mean for the global economy? Hint: none of the answers are good.
Blame it on a Fed tightening cycle, which has just been shifted from second gear back to first. Blame it on a decade long GDP growth rate, which is stuck at 2%. That is caused by demographic headwinds that we can do nothing about.
Whatever the reason, stocks are not headed straight up from here. I think we are just squeezing out the shorts for the umpteenth time. They could all be cleaned out by the time the (SPY) hits $195.
Then it will be back to the low end of our new, violent range, probably just above $182.
Surprise!
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